Depression following small vessel stroke is common and more prevalent in women.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to examine the frequency of depression after small vessel-type stroke (SVS) and associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of patients enrolled in the American Stroke Association-Bugher SVS Study, which included 200 participants within 2-years of SVS and 79 controls without a history of stroke from 2007 to 2012 at four sites. The primary outcome was PHQ-8, with scores ≥10 consistent with post-stroke depression (PSD). A logistic regression adjusted for age, race, sex, history of diabetes and Short-Form Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (SF-MoCA) was used to compare the risk of having depression after SVS compared to controls. Another logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, race, level of education, SF-MoCA, white matter disease (WMD) burden, stroke severity (NIHSS), time between stroke and depression screen, history of diabetes, and history of hypertension was used to identify factors independently associated with depression in participants with SVS. RESULTS: The cohort included 161 participants with SVS (39 excluded due to missing data) and 79 controls. The mean interval between stroke and depression screening was 74 days. Among participants with SVS, 31.7% (n = 51) had PSD compared to 6.3% (n = 5) of controls (RR = 5.44, 95% CI = 2.21-13.38, p = 0.0002). The only two variables independently associated with PSD in participants with SVS were female sex (RR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.09-3.09, p = 0.020) and diabetes (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.03-2.79). CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for several demographic and clinical variables, having a SVS was associated with an approximate 5-fold increased risk of depression and was more frequent in women and in those with diabetes. The extent of WMD was not independently associated with PSD, suggesting that small vessel disease in the setting of an overt SVS may not account for the increased prevalence of depression.

Salud mental en cuidadores de pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades crónicas en República Dominicana / Caregivers' mental health of pediatric patients with chronic health diseases in the Dominican Republic

Introducción: La enfermedad crónica infantil se refiere a condiciones en pacientes pediátricos que generalmente son de duración prolongada, no se resuelven por sí solas, y están asociadas con deficiencia o discapacidad. Esta condición usualmente afecta las actividades normales del niño y requiere hospitalizaciones frecuentes, atención médica domiciliaria y/o atención médica extensa, lo que suele afectar además de quien lo padece a sus cuidadores, quienes con frecuencia presentan características asociadas a estrés y agotamiento llegando a provocar enfermedades físicas y mentales como parte del "síndrome de sobrecarga del cuidador". Metodología: Se realizó una encuesta a cuidadores de pacientes pediátricos del Hospital Pediátrico Doctor Hugo Mendoza, el instrumento de recolección incluye 9 ítems que evalúa la presencia y gravedad de síntomas depresivos en las últimas 2 semanas previas a la entrevista, y los datos fueron analizados en el Programa estadístico SPSS. El estudio contó con la aprobación del comité de ética institucional del Hospital y los participantes otorgaron su consentimiento voluntario explícito antes de la recopilación de datos. Resultados: Al aplicar la clasificación de la escala del BAI, se evidencia que, del total de cuidadores encuestados, el 76.7% parecía sufrir de ansiedad muy baja, un 20.9% de ansiedad moderada y 2.3% de ansiedad severa. Se aplicó la la escala PHQ9, una escala que mide la presencia de síntomas depresivos y mostró que el 41.9 % presenta un nivel leve, 39.5% un nivel mínimo, 16.3% un nivel moderado y por último solo 2.3% un nivel moderado-grave de síntomas depresivos. Discusión: En nuestro estudio hubo igual distribución de hombres y de mujeres. Conclusión: El diagnóstico infantil no juega un papel determinante en la aparición de la ansiedad y la depresión.

Introduction: Chronic childhood disease refers to conditions in pediatric patients that are generally of prolonged duration, do not resolve on their own, and are associated with deficiency or disability. This condition normally affects the normal activities of the child and requires frequent hospitalizations, home health care and/or extensive medical care, which will affect, in addition to those who will usually suffer from it, their caregivers, who often have characteristics associated with stress and exhaustion, reaching causing physical and mental illness as part of "caregiver overload syndrome". Methodology: A survey was conducted on caregivers of pediatric patients at the Doctor Hugo Mendoza Pediatric Hospital, the collection instrument includes 9 items that assess the presence and severity of depressive symptoms in the last 2 weeks prior to the interview, and the data were analyzed in the statistical program SPSS. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of the Hospital and the participants gave their explicit voluntary consent before data collection. Results: When applying the classification of the BAI scale, it is evident that, of the total number of caregivers surveyed, 76.7% seemed to suffer from very low anxiety, 20.9% from moderate anxiety and 2.3% from severe anxiety. The PHQ9 scale was applied, a scale that measures the presence of depressive symptoms and showed that 41.9% present a mild level, 39.5% a minimum level, 16.3% a moderate level and finally only 2.3% a moderate-severe level of depressive symptoms. Discussion: In our study there was equal distribution of men and women. Conclusion: Childhood diagnosis does not play a determining role in the appearance of anxiety and depression.

A operacionalização do sus na prevenção e condução de casos de suicídios: análise documental / The operationalization of the SUS in the prevention and occurrence of suicide cases: documentary analysis

Introdução:O suicídio é tido como um fenômeno complexo, multicausal, fruto da interação de fatores de ordem filosófica, biológica, antropológica, psicológica, e social, considerado nos dias de hoje um grave problema de saúde pública.Objetivo:realizar uma análise documental dos materiais lançados pelo SUS relacionados às medidas a serem adotadas em casos e tentativas de suicídio, bem como nos meios previni-las.Método:trata-se de um estudo descritivo, no qual foram verificadas as portarias e manuscritos do SUS relacionadas ao suicídio, tendo sido consultados oito documentos oficiais.Resultados:a primeira portaria a tratar especificamente do assunto, Portaria nº 1.876, foi lançada em 2006, e instituiu as Diretrizes Nacionais para Prevenção do Suicídio, norteando as estratégias do Ministério da Saúde para atuação e contenção do fenômeno. A partir dela, outros documentos foram instituídos, visando o aprimoramento do acesso, acolhimento, e tratamento aos indivíduos predispostos a desenvolverem depressão, ou que estão em situações de risco, além de garantir maiores esforços e investimentos para grupos específicos. Conclusões:as portarias estabelecidas garantem ao usuário do SUS acolhimento e acompanhamento, desde o nível de atenção básica até a atenção especializada (AU).

Introduction:Suicide is considered as a complex phenomenon, multicausal, fruit of the interaction of factors of philosophical, biological, anthropological, psychological, and social, considered today a serious public health problem.Objective:to perform a documentary analysis of the materials released by the SUS related to the measures to be adopted in cases and suicide attempts, as well asin the means to prevent them.Methods:this is a descriptive study, in which the ordinances and SUS manuscripts related to suicide were verified, and eight official documents were consulted.Results:the first ordinance to deal specifically with the subject, Ordinance No. 1,876, was launched in 2006, and established the National Guidelines for Suicide Prevention, guiding the strategies of the Ministry of Health to act and restrain the phenomenon. From this, other documents were instituted, aimed at improving access, shelter, and treatment to individuals predisposed to develop depression, or who are at risk, as well as guaranteeing greater efforts and investments for specific groups.Conclusions:established ordinances guarantee hosting and follow-upto the SUS user, from basic care level to specialized care (AU).

Trastornos del ánimo y función tiroidea en pacientes hospitalizados / Mood disorders and thyroid function in hospitalized patients

Introduction: Thyroid disorders are common in the general population. Numerous studies show significant association between these disorders, particularly hypothyroidism, and mood disorders. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in patients with mood disorders hospitalized in a university hospital, and to observe any differences in these abnormalities between different groups of patients with affective disorder. Method: We analyzed 238 files of inpatients in our hospital, discharged during 2007 with the diagnosis of mood disorder. Demographic data, discharge diagnoses and thyroid hormones levels were obtained from these files. The mentioned variables were correlated and statistical analysis was performed with the Chi-square test. Results: 60.5 percen of patients had major depression and 39.5 percent were bipolar. Thyroid disorders were observed in 39.9 percent of discharges. Thyroid profiles of depressive and bipolar patients showed no significant differences. Mixed (14.7 percent) and depressive episodes (21.4 percent ) showed higher frequency of hypothyroidism. Patients with type II bipolar disorder had higher frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism in relation to type I bipolar patients Conclusions: The demographic and epidemiological results found in this study largely agree with those described in the literature. The similarity in the thyroid profiles of bipolar and depressive patients may reflect that abnormalities in the axis hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid are a common factor for both disorders. However, within the group of bipolar patients hypothyroidism would have more relation with the depressive pole of the disease.

Introducción: Las alteraciones tiroideas son frecuentes en la población general. Diversos estudios muestran una asociación importante entre estas alteraciones, especialmente hipotiroidismo, y los trastornos anímicos. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de alteraciones tiroideas en pacientes con trastornos del ánimo hospitalizados en una clínica universitaria, y observar eventuales diferencias en estas alteraciones entre distintos grupos de pacientes con patología afectiva. Método: Se analizaron fichas de 238 pacientes hospitalizados en nuestro centro, egresados durante el año 2007 con el diagnóstico de trastorno del ánimo. De éstas se obtuvieron datos demográficos, diagnóstico de egreso y niveles de hormonas tiroideas.Se relacionaron las variables anteriores y se realizó el análisis estadístico con la prueba de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: Un 60,5 por ciento de los pacientes presentan depresión mayor y un 39,5 por ciento bipolaridad. Existen alteraciones tiroideas en el 39,9 por ciento de los egresos. Los perfiles tiroideos de pacientes depresivos y bipolares no mostraron diferencias significativas. Se observó mayor frecuencia de hipotiroidismo en episodios mixtos (14,7 por ciento) y depresivos (21,4 por ciento). Los pacientes con trastorno bipolar tipo II presentaron mayor frecuencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico que los pacientes bipolares tipo I. Conclusiones: Los resultados demográficos y epidemiológicos encontrados en este estudio concuerdan en su mayoría con lo descrito en la literatura. La similitud entre los perfiles tiroideos de pacientes depresivos y bipolares podría reflejar que alteraciones del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-tiroides podrían ser un factor común para ambas patologías. Sin embargo, dentro del grupo de pacientes bipolares el hipotiroidismo se relacionaría más con el polo depresivo de la enfermedad.